The two main types of air pollution -- gaseous pollution and particulate matter -- can be removed from the air using specific types of filters. Not all air purifiers are equipped to deal with the same types of air pollutants. If you're buying an air purifier, you can tell what kind of pollutants it's treating by the type of filter it contains. The main types of air purifiers are:

HEPA filter

A HEPA filter is a mechanical filter that meets the criteria to remove at least 99.97% of airborne particles with a diameter of 0.3 microns (Note: Only true HEPA filters meet this criterion. Other mechanical filters, sometimes sold as HEPA-type filters, possibly capture PM at a lower percentage). These filters are made up of dense webs of fibers that trap particles as air flows through them.

Unfortunately, while HEPA filters can remove a large percentage of particles from the air, they have no effect on gaseous pollutants such as VOCs. If you're looking at an air purifier with a HEPA filter, check to see if it contains a second filter (usually a carbon filter) that filters out gaseous pollutants from the air.

carbon filter

Unlike HEPA filters, carbon filters remove gaseous pollutants from the air, including VOCs. These filters are made of activated carbon or other forms of carbon. As the air passes through the filter, a process called adsorption causes chemical gases to stick to the outside of the carbon. Typically, these filters have a lattice structure to increase the surface area on which gaseous pollutants can be adsorbed.

Carbon filters are effective at removing volatile organic compounds and other toxic gases from the air, but they are ineffective against particulate matter. Due to their lattice structure, the particles can simply pass through the pores in the filter.

Ionizer

Instead of a physical filter, ionizing air purifiers use an electric current to charge particles in the air. These charged particles are called ions, and they are attracted to oppositely charged particles and surfaces. When ions attach to other particles in the air, they create heavier, larger particles that end up on the ground or other surfaces rather than remaining in the air. Charged particles can also attach to surfaces such as walls, furniture and floors.

Ionizers have two major disadvantages. First, they don't trap contaminants (unless they have a charged plate that attracts ions). Particles that land on the surface of your home can easily be kicked up by air currents or human activity. Second, the ozone produced by many ionizers is a by-product, which itself is a pollutant causing adverse health effects.

Ozone generator

Ozone generators may be marketed as air purifiers, but they do not provide real air purification benefits. The ozone produced by this machine is supposed to react with pollutants in the air, converting them into harmless carbon dioxide, oxygen and water. However, ozone generators are not effective in removing any type of pollution from the air not only that, they actually create ozone pollution. The EPA warns against using ozone generators in the home because the levels of ozone they produce are considered harmful to human health.

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